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IJMB Government Paper I Questions and Answers
The 2024/2025 IJMB Government Questions and answers are now available for complimentary access below.
Number One
(1)
The scientific method is a systematic, logical approach used to investigate phenomena, acquire new knowledge, or correct and integrate previous knowledge. It involves the objective and structured study of political behavior, systems, and institutions through observation, analysis, and evaluation.
=STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY=
(i) Observation: This is the first step where the researcher identifies a political problem, issue, or phenomenon of interest. It involves careful examination of political events, behaviors, or patterns that require explanation.
(ii) Formulation of Hypothesis: A hypothesis is a tentative statement or educated guess that proposes a possible explanation for the observed phenomenon. It must be testable and falsifiable.
(iii) Data Collection: Relevant data is gathered using various methods such as surveys, interviews, case studies, or archival research. The goal is to obtain factual evidence to test the hypothesis.
(iv) Analysis and Interpretation: The collected data is systematically analyzed using statistical or logical methods. To determine whether it supports or refutes the hypothesis. Patterns, correlations, or causal relationships are examined.
(v) Conclusion: A conclusion is drawn based on the analysis. If the hypothesis is supported, it may become part of a broader theory. If it is refuted, the hypothesis is revised or discarded.
(vi) Verification and Replication: The final step involves repeating the study. Alternatively, by allowing others to replicate it to confirm the reliability and validity of the findings. This ensures the results are not accidental or biased.
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Number Two
(2)
(i) Legal Sovereignty: Legal sovereignty refers to the supreme legal authority within a state, vested in a person or body that can make, enforce, and repeal laws. In modern democracies, this power often lies in the legislature. Legal sovereignty ensures that there is a recognized source of authority from which all legal rules and institutions derive their legitimacy. It is essential to statehood because it defines the legal framework under which a state functions and maintains order.
(ii) Political Sovereignty: Political sovereignty is the real power held by the people or the electorate in a democracy. While legal sovereignty may reside in the legislature, political sovereignty is exercised by the voting population through elections. It is this type of sovereignty that ensures accountability and responsiveness of the government to the people. Without political sovereignty, legal authority may become authoritarian or detached from the will of the citizens, threatening the legitimacy of the state.
(iii) Internal Sovereignty: Internal sovereignty denotes the state’s exclusive right to exercise authority over all persons and matters within its territory. It includes maintaining law and order, creating policies, administering justice, and managing internal affairs without external interference. Internal sovereignty is fundamental because it enables the state to function autonomously and maintain control over its population and institutions.
(iv) External Sovereignty: External sovereignty refers to the state’s independence and recognition in the international community. It means that a state is free from the control of other states and is equal to them under international law. External sovereignty allows the state to enter into treaties, form diplomatic relations, and protect its interests globally. This type of sovereignty reinforces the state’s autonomy and ensures that it is not subject to external domination or coercion.
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Number Three
(3)
A party system refers to the way political parties are structured and interact within a political system, especially in terms of how they compete for and exercise political power. It encompasses the number of parties, their relative strength, their roles in government, and how they function within the framework of a state’s political process. A party system significantly influences the stability, effectiveness, and nature of governance in a country.
=CLASSIFICATIONS OF PARTY SYSTEM=
(i) One-Party System: In a one-party system, only one political party is legally allowed to operate and control the government. Other parties are either banned or allowed limited participation without real power. This system is common in authoritarian or communist regimes. The ruling party dominates all aspects of political life, and opposition is often suppressed.
(ii) Two-Party System: A two-party system is characterized by the dominance of two major political parties that alternate in power. While other parties may exist, they have little influence on national politics. This system often leads to political stability and clear policy choices, as one party usually holds a legislative majority. However, it may also limit political diversity.
(iii) Multi-Party System: In a multi-party system, several parties compete for power, and it is common for no single party to achieve a majority. This often leads to coalition governments, where multiple parties cooperate to form a ruling alliance. It offers a wider range of political choices and better representation of diverse interests but may lead to political instability and weak governance due to frequent shifts in alliances.
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Number Four
(4)
(i) Rule of Law: This means that every individual, including government officials, is subject to the law and equal before it. The rule of law ensures that no one is above the law, and it provides a legal framework that guides the actions of public institutions. This guarantees accountability and helps prevent abuse of power. Upholding the rule of law promotes trust in the legal system and ensures the fair application of justice.
(ii) Separation of Powers: This refers to the division of governmental authority among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has distinct functions and checks the others to prevent the concentration of power. When power is separated and balanced, it minimizes the risk of tyranny and supports transparency and accountability. It also ensures that laws are properly made, implemented, and interpreted within constitutional limits.
(iii) Respect for Fundamental Human Rights: Constitutionalism is strengthened when citizens’ fundamental rights, such as freedom of speech, religion, association, and movement, are protected and enforced. These rights empower citizens to participate in governance and hold leaders accountable. A democratic system that guarantees civil liberties fosters an inclusive political environment and prevents arbitrary rule.
(iv) Judicial Independence: A strong and independent judiciary is essential for upholding constitutional principles. Judges must be free from political interference in the exercise of their duties so that they can interpret and enforce the constitution impartially. Judicial independence ensures that constitutional violations are checked, protects minority rights, and maintains the supremacy of the constitution over all governmental actions.
(v) Popular Participation in Governance: For constitutionalism to be deeply rooted, citizens must actively participate in the political process through voting, civic engagement, and public debate. Popular participation ensures that the government reflects the will of the people, and it legitimizes democratic institutions. It also provides a mechanism for the people to influence constitutional reforms and defend democratic norms.
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Number Five
(5)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Separation of Powers: In a parliamentary system, there is no clear separation of powers because the executive (Prime Minister and cabinet) is part of the legislature. This means those who make the laws also enforce them. WHILE in a presidential system, there is a strict separation of powers, and each arm of government—executive, legislature, and judiciary—functions independently to ensure checks and balances.
(ii) Head of Government: In a parliamentary system, the Prime Minister is the head of government, and the head of state is usually a monarch or ceremonial president. WHILE in a presidential system, the President serves as both the head of state and the head of government, combining ceremonial duties with administrative leadership.
(iii) Method of Election: In a parliamentary system, the Prime Minister is elected by members of the legislature, especially from the ruling party or coalition. The citizens do not vote directly for the Prime Minister. WHILE in a presidential system, the President is elected directly by the people or through an electoral college, making the executive more directly accountable to the citizens.
(iv) Tenure of Office: In a parliamentary system, the Prime Minister stays in power as long as they have the support of the legislature and can be removed at any time through a vote of no confidence. WHILE in a presidential system, the President serves for a fixed term, such as four or five years, and cannot be removed easily except through a formal process like impeachment.
(v) Accountability: In a parliamentary system, the executive is directly accountable to the legislature and must explain or defend its actions regularly. WHILE in a presidential system, the executive is not directly accountable to the legislature and operates more independently.
(vi) Composition of Cabinet: In a parliamentary system, cabinet members are usually chosen from members of the legislature and often belong to the ruling party. WHILE in a presidential system, cabinet members are appointed by the President and may not be part of the legislature.
(vii) Flexibility in Leadership Change: A parliamentary system is more flexible in changing leadership since a vote of no confidence can quickly remove the Prime Minister. WHILE a presidential system is less flexible because leadership change is only possible through scheduled elections or a formal impeachment process.
(viii) Power Structure: A parliamentary system operates on a fusion of powers, meaning that the executive and legislative arms are interconnected and influence each other. WHILE a presidential system operates on a separation of powers, with each branch functioning independently and limiting each other’s powers.
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Number Six
(6)
Bureaucracy is a system of administration characterized by structured hierarchy, rules, and procedures, designed to manage complex organizations or government efficiently. It involves appointed officials (not elected) who carry out policies and decisions made by higher authorities.
=Features of Bureaucracy=
(PIVK ANY FOUR)
(i) Hierarchy of Authority: Bureaucracy is organized in a clear chain of command, where each level controls the level below it. Superiors supervise subordinates, and authority flows from the top downward.
(ii) Specialization of Tasks: Work is divided among individuals or departments based on expertise and skills. Each official handles specific duties for efficiency and competence.
(iii) Rules and Regulations: Bureaucracies operate based on a set of formal rules and standard procedures. These guide decision-making and ensure consistency, fairness, and predictability.
(iv) Impersonality: Decisions are made based on objective criteria rather than personal feelings or relationships. This ensures fairness and eliminates favoritism.
(v) Merit-Based Recruitment and Promotion: Officials are selected and promoted based on qualifications, competence, and performance, not personal connections or political favoritism.
(vi) Record Keeping: Bureaucracies maintain detailed records of decisions, actions, and transactions. This ensures accountability, transparency, and continuity.
(vii) Career Orientation: Bureaucrats see their jobs as long-term careers. This promotes loyalty, experience, and professionalism within the administrative system.
(viii) Accountability: Each official is answerable to a superior and must justify decisions and actions. This structure ensures responsibility and prevents misuse of power.
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Number Seven
(7)
Political culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, and attitudes that shape how individuals view politics, political authority, and their roles as citizens. It influences political behavior and participation in a society.
=Types Of Political Culture=
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Parochial Political Culture: Citizens have little or no knowledge or interest in politics. They are mostly unaware of the political system and do not expect anything from the government. Common in rural or undeveloped areas.
(ii) Subject Political Culture: People are aware of the political system but are passive participants. They obey laws and policies but do not engage actively in political activities. Found in authoritarian or centralized systems.
(iii) Participant Political Culture: Citizens are actively involved in political affairs. They vote, debate, protest, and seek to influence government decisions. Common in democratic societies.
(iv) Civic Political Culture: A mix of parochial, subject, and participant cultures. Citizens trust in the political system and participate responsibly. It supports democratic stability and national development.
(v) Traditional Political Culture: This type emphasizes customs, tradition, and long-standing institutions. Authority is respected, and political roles are often passed through family or heritage. Found in monarchies and traditional societies.
(vi) Modern Political Culture: Citizens value individual rights, democratic governance, and rational decision-making. It promotes participation, innovation, and equality. Common in developed countries.
(vii) Militant Political Culture: Characterized by strong political awareness and confrontation. Citizens may resort to protests, riots, or armed struggle to achieve political goals. Often seen in revolutionary or conflict-prone areas.
(viii) Colonial Political Culture: Exists in regions under colonial rule. People may feel alienated from imposed political systems and have divided loyalties. Often results in resistance or low political participation.
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COMPLETED.
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