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IJMB Government Paper II Questions and Answers
The 2024/2025 IJMB Government Questions and answers can now be accessed for free below.
Number One
(1)
(i) Mass Mobilization and Political Awareness: After World War II, Nigerian nationalist movements increasingly mobilized large segments of the population, including workers, students, market women, and professionals. Political awareness grew rapidly due to returning ex-servicemen who had experienced less racial discrimination abroad and now demanded the same freedoms at home. Nationalist leaders used newspapers, rallies, and public meetings to spread political consciousness and push for self-governance.
(ii) Formation of Political Parties and Organizations: The Post-War period witnessed the rise of well-structured political parties and nationalist groups. Notable among these were the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), Action Group (AG), and Northern People’s Congress (NPC). These parties, led by prominent figures like Nnamdi Azikiwe, Obafemi Awolowo, and Ahmadu Bello, organized political activities aimed at challenging colonial rule and promoting Nigerian self-rule.
(iii) Demand for Constitutional Reforms and Self-Government: Nationalist agitation in the Post-War period became more focused and organized around the demand for constitutional changes that would grant Nigerians more political autonomy. The 1946 Richards Constitution and the 1951 Macpherson Constitution were both responses to these growing demands. However, nationalists criticized these constitutions for not offering full self-government and continued to press for reforms leading to eventual independence in 1960.
(iv) Increased Use of Strikes and Protests: The nationalist struggle during this era saw the widespread use of strikes, protests, and civil disobedience as tools to resist colonial policies. One significant example was the 1945 General Strike, which was organized by the Nigerian Labour Congress under the leadership of Michael Imoudu. These actions demonstrated the people’s frustration with economic hardship, racial discrimination, and lack of political representation, forcing the colonial government to take nationalist demands more seriously.
(v) Role of the Media and Educated Elite: Educated Nigerians, especially those trained abroad, played a vital role in articulating nationalist ideas and spreading them through newspapers, pamphlets, and journals. Publications such as the West African Pilot, founded by Nnamdi Azikiwe, were instrumental in criticizing colonial injustices and promoting the cause of independence. These media platforms served as voices of resistance and platforms for mobilizing public opinion against colonial rule.
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Number Two
(2)
(i) Ethnic Tensions and Rivalries: Nigeria is home to over 250 ethnic groups, with major ones being the Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo. This ethnic diversity often leads to rivalry and distrust among groups, especially in the competition for political power, access to resources, and government appointments. Ethnic favoritism, or nepotism, has sometimes led to feelings of marginalization among minority groups, fuelling separatist agitations and inter-ethnic violence.
(ii) Religious Conflicts: Nigeria is almost evenly divided between Islam, predominantly in the North, and Christianity, mainly in the South, with traditional African religions also practiced in some areas. This religious diversity has led to several conflicts, particularly in the North-Central region, where both religious and ethnic identities intersect. Disagreements over issues like the implementation of Sharia law in some Northern states have heightened religious tensions.
(iii) Uneven Development and Resource Distribution: The presence of natural resources, especially oil in the Niger Delta, has created regional imbalances in wealth and development. Communities in oil-rich areas often complain of exploitation and environmental degradation, while the proceeds benefit other parts of the country. This has led to agitation from groups like the Niger Delta militants, who demand greater resource control and development of their region, thereby threatening national unity.
(iv) Language Barriers and Communication Gaps: Nigeria has over 500 languages, making communication and national integration challenging. Although English is the official language, not all citizens are proficient in it, especially in rural areas. This language diversity hinders effective communication, education, and administrative cohesion. It also complicates efforts to build a unified national identity, as many people identify more with their ethnic or regional origins than with the nation as a whole.
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Number Three
(3)
(i) Ethnic and Regional Rivalries: The First Republic, established in 1963, was plagued by deep-rooted ethnic and regional divisions. The major political parties, such as the Northern People’s Congress (NPC), the Action Group (AG), and the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC), were regionally and ethnically based. Each party primarily served the interests of its region: the North, West, and East respectively. This fostered mutual distrust and competition, preventing effective national integration and cooperation. Political decisions were often influenced by ethnic loyalty rather than national interest, undermining unity and stability.
(ii) Electoral Malpractices and Political Violence: The 1964 federal elections and the 1965 Western Region elections were marred by widespread rigging, intimidation, and violence. In particular, the Western Region crisis, also known as “Operation Wetie,” saw violent clashes, arson, and assassinations due to allegations of election fraud and the breakdown of law and order. The inability of the federal government to resolve the crisis fairly and peacefully highlighted the weakness of democratic institutions and eroded public confidence in civilian rule.
(iii) Military Interference and Coups: The political instability and failure of the civilian government to maintain order and fairness created an environment ripe for military intervention. On January 15, 1966, a group of young army officers staged Nigeria’s first military coup, accusing the civilian leadership of corruption, tribalism, and maladministration. This coup led to the assassination of several top politicians and military officers, ending the First Republic. Although the coup plotters claimed to act in the national interest, their actions triggered further instability and a cycle of military rule.
(iv) Corruption and Mismanagement: Corruption was rampant during the First Republic. Government officials and party leaders engaged in embezzlement of public funds, favoritism, and abuse of office. Public resources were used to enrich political elites rather than improve the lives of ordinary Nigerians. This widespread corruption contributed to growing dissatisfaction among the population and loss of credibility in democratic governance. The failure to deliver on promises of development and unity further weakened the legitimacy of the civilian administration, paving the way for its collapse.
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Number Four
(4)
(i) Political Interference and Lack of Independence: Despite being established as an independent electoral body, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) often faces undue interference from political actors, particularly those in power. This interference can influence the appointment of key officials, the timing of elections, and the outcomes of electoral disputes. When INEC is perceived as being aligned with the ruling party or lacks autonomy, its credibility is compromised, leading to doubts about the fairness and transparency of the election process.
(ii) Electoral Violence and Intimidation: One of the major obstacles to free and fair elections in Nigeria is the widespread use of violence before, during, and after elections. Political thugs are often hired by politicians to intimidate voters, disrupt polling units, snatch ballot boxes, and attack opponents. Such violence creates fear among the electorate, suppresses voter turnout, and distorts the democratic process. INEC’s inability to guarantee security and ensure peaceful elections undermines the credibility of electoral outcomes.
(iii) Logistical and Operational Challenges: INEC frequently encounters logistical problems that hinder the smooth conduct of elections. These include the late arrival of election materials, malfunctioning biometric voter accreditation systems such as card readers, shortage of trained personnel, and inadequate preparation in remote areas. These operational failures result in delays, disenfranchisement of voters, and cancellation of results in affected areas, all of which cast doubt on the fairness of the elections.
(iv) Voter Registration Irregularities and Electoral Fraud: Challenges related to voter registration, such as multiple registrations, underage voting, and inclusion of fictitious names on the voters’ register, continue to plague the Nigerian electoral system. Additionally, practices like vote-buying, ballot stuffing, result falsification, and manipulation of collation processes further undermine electoral integrity. INEC often lacks the capacity or willpower to effectively curb these fraudulent practices, resulting in elections that do not reflect the genuine will of the people.
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Number Five
(5)
(i) Broad-Based Consultative Process: One of the key strengths of the Macpherson Constitution of 1951 was its inclusive and consultative approach to constitution-making. Unlike the Richards Constitution of 1946, which was imposed with minimal input from Nigerians, the Macpherson Constitution involved wide-ranging consultations through village, district, divisional, and provincial meetings. These consultations culminated in the Ibadan General Conference of 1950. This process helped promote a sense of ownership and legitimacy among Nigerians and marked a significant step toward participatory governance.
(ii) Introduction of a Federal Structure: The Macpherson Constitution laid the foundation for federalism in Nigeria by granting more autonomy to the regions, the Northern, Western, and Eastern Regions, each with its own regional legislature and executive. This arrangement allowed the regions to manage their internal affairs while the central government retained powers over national issues. By doing so, it acknowledged Nigeria’s ethnic and cultural diversity and helped to reduce tensions by giving regions a degree of self-determination.
(iii) Establishment of a Central Legislature with Nigerian Majority: For the first time, the Nigerian central legislative body, known as the House of Representatives, included a majority of elected Nigerian representatives. This was a major shift from colonial dominance to Nigerian participation in central governance. Although ultimate authority still resided with the British Governor, this development allowed Nigerians to influence national policies and gain valuable legislative experience, which prepared them for self-government.
(iv) Expansion of the Electoral Franchise: The Macpherson Constitution expanded the electoral system by allowing more Nigerians to participate in the political process. It introduced the principle of elective representation in both regional and central legislatures and increased the number of people eligible to vote. In the Western and Eastern regions, universal adult male suffrage was implemented, while a limited franchise continued in the Northern Region. This expansion encouraged political engagement and led to the growth of political parties and increased political awareness among Nigerians.
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Number Six
(6)
(i) Corruption and Mismanagement of Resources: Corruption is one of the most significant constraints to achieving national development plans in Nigeria. Funds meant for developmental projects are often diverted into private pockets or wasted through inflated contracts and ghost projects. Mismanagement by public officials leads to poor implementation of policies, incomplete infrastructure, and the abandonment of critical programs. This not only wastes resources but also reduces public confidence in development initiatives, undermining long-term planning and national progress.
(ii) Insecurity and Insurgency: Persistent security challenges such as Boko Haram insurgency, banditry, kidnapping, herder-farmer conflicts, and militant activities in the Niger Delta disrupt economic activities and scare away both local and foreign investors. These threats destroy infrastructure, displace communities, and divert government resources from development to security operations. National development plans cannot thrive in an environment of fear, violence, and instability, where the government struggles to maintain control in large areas of the country.
(iii) Inadequate Infrastructure: Poor infrastructure, especially in transportation, electricity, and water supply, hinders industrialization and economic growth. Many parts of Nigeria lack good roads, stable electricity, and reliable communication systems, making it difficult to implement development projects effectively. Investors are discouraged by high production and transportation costs, while citizens face hardships accessing basic services. Without adequate infrastructure, national development plans remain largely theoretical and unsustainable.
(iv) Poor Policy Implementation and Political Instability: Even when development plans are well designed, poor implementation often renders them ineffective. This can result from a lack of coordination between federal, state, and local governments, inadequate monitoring and evaluation, and leadership changes that abandon previous plans for new agendas. Political instability, including frequent changes in government, conflicts between arms of government, and weak institutions, all contribute to policy discontinuity and failure of national development strategies.
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Number Seven
(7)
(i) Initiation and Leadership in the Formation Process: Nigeria played a leading and foundational role in the creation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). In the early 1970s, Nigeria, under the military leadership of General Yakubu Gowon, championed the idea of regional economic integration in West Africa. Nigeria collaborated closely with Togo, whose leader, President Gnassingbé Eyadéma, shared similar economic aspirations. Together, they initiated negotiations and held several meetings aimed at unifying the region economically. Nigeria’s vision was to create a regional bloc that would promote trade, cooperation, and collective self-reliance among West African countries.
(ii) Hosting of Key Negotiations and Signing of the Treaty: Nigeria hosted several of the initial diplomatic negotiations and technical meetings that led to the drafting of the ECOWAS treaty. The final and historic event occurred in Lagos, Nigeria, on May 28, 1975, where the founding treaty establishing ECOWAS was signed by 15 West African countries. Nigeria’s capital served as the symbolic and political hub for the creation of the organization, showcasing its commitment and strategic importance in the regional integration process.
(iii) Provision of Financial and Human Resources: Since the formation of ECOWAS, Nigeria has contributed significantly to its sustenance, both financially and administratively. Nigeria remains the largest financial contributor to the ECOWAS budget, supporting its various institutions, peacekeeping operations, and development programs. Nigerian professionals, diplomats, and technocrats have held several top leadership positions within ECOWAS institutions, including the ECOWAS Commission, thereby influencing the direction and priorities of the organization.
(iv) Promotion of Peace and Stability in the Sub-Region: Nigeria has played a vital role in ensuring peace and security within the ECOWAS region. Through its leadership in the ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), Nigeria spearheaded peacekeeping missions in conflict-ridden countries such as Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea-Bissau in the 1990s and early 2000s. These interventions were crucial in restoring democratic governance and maintaining regional stability. Nigeria’s military, financial, and diplomatic efforts have reinforced ECOWAS’s position as a key player in conflict resolution and peace enforcement in West Africa.
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About IJMB
The Interim Joint Matriculation Board (IJMB) is a direct entry program that allows students to gain admission into the second year of Nigerian universities without needing to take the JAMB examination. This program was introduced by Ahmadu Bello University and has established itself as a reliable alternative for students seeking a more streamlined path into higher education.
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