The IJMB 2025 Sociology Paper II Questions and Answers Expo Runz are now accessible for the IJMBE Examination of the 2024/2025 Academic Session.
This page will provide an overview of the 2025 IJMB Sociology Paper II questions and answers, along with the Expo Runz for the forthcoming academic term.
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IJMB Sociology Paper II Questions and Answers
The 2024/2025 IJMB Sociology questions and answers are now available for free access below.
Number One
(1)
(i) Increase in Crime Rate: Unemployment often leads to poverty, frustration, and desperation, which can push individuals, especially youths, into criminal activities such as armed robbery, cybercrime, kidnapping, and drug trafficking as a means of survival.
(ii) Poverty and Low Standard of Living: Without a steady source of income, unemployed individuals struggle to meet basic needs such as food, shelter, healthcare, and education, leading to widespread poverty and a decline in the quality of life.
(iii) Social Unrest and Insecurity: High unemployment levels can cause anger and resentment among citizens, especially the youth. This can lead to protests, riots, and even insurgencies, thereby threatening national peace and security.
(iv) Dependence and Family Strain: Unemployed individuals often depend on family members or relatives for survival. This increases the financial burden on the employed, leading to tension and conflict within families and weakening the extended family support system.
(v) Wastage of Human Resources: When capable individuals are not gainfully employed, their talents and potential contributions to national development are wasted, leading to low productivity and slow economic growth.
(vi) Mental Health Challenges: Unemployment can lead to feelings of hopelessness, depression, and low self-esteem. Prolonged joblessness may result in psychological disorders and emotional instability.
(vii) Decline in Economic Development: A high unemployment rate reduces the purchasing power of the population, leading to low demand for goods and services. This slows down industrial growth and overall national development.
(viii) Youth Restiveness and Migration: Frustrated by a lack of opportunities, many unemployed youths engage in violent activities or seek illegal migration abroad, often under dangerous conditions, leading to brain drain and loss of future leaders.
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Number Two
(2a)
Collective behavior refers to the spontaneous, unorganized, and temporary actions or responses of a group of individuals reacting to a common stimulus or situation. It usually occurs outside established social norms and is typical in situations of uncertainty, excitement, or social stress. Examples include riots, mass protests, fashion trends, and panic buying.
(2b)
(i) Crowd Behavior: This type of collective behavior occurs when individuals gather in a physical location and act in a unified or spontaneous manner. Crowds may form for various reasons such as protests, religious events, or entertainment. For example, during political rallies in Nigeria, large groups of people may gather to support a candidate, and emotions can run high, sometimes resulting in coordinated chanting or even riots. Crowd behavior is often temporary and influenced by the emotions of the moment.
(ii) Mass Behavior: Mass behavior involves a large number of people who respond similarly to an event or trend, despite being physically separated. This is often influenced by the media or social networks. For instance, when fuel prices increase, many citizens across different states may simultaneously begin to protest or hoard fuel without direct communication, reacting similarly due to shared concerns. Another example is the mass panic buying of food and household items during the COVID-19 lockdown.
(iii) Social Movement Behavior: This refers to organized and sustained efforts by a large group of people to promote or resist social change. Social movements often have leadership, defined goals, and long-term plans. An example is the EndSARS movement, where youths across the country mobilized through social media and physical protests to demand an end to police brutality. This form of behavior is more structured than a crowd and can lead to significant social or political reforms.
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Number Three
(3a)
(i) Small Population Size and Density: Rural societies typically have fewer people living in a wide expanse of land. For example, a farming village in Benue State may have only a few hundred residents spread over large farmland areas, leading to low population density.
(ii) Primary Economic Activities: The economy of rural areas is largely based on primary activities such as agriculture, fishing, hunting, and craftwork. For instance, most rural dwellers in Niger State depend on farming millet, yam, and rice for livelihood.
(iii) Close-Knit Social Relationships: People in rural communities often know each other personally and have strong family and communal bonds. This results in shared responsibilities and collective decision-making. An example is the practice of communal farming or building homes together in villages.
(iv) Traditional Norms and Customs: Rural societies tend to preserve and practice traditional beliefs, customs, and values more strictly than urban areas. For example, cultural festivals, traditional marriages, and chieftaincy titles are highly valued and widely observed.
(v) Limited Access to Modern Infrastructure: Most rural areas lack adequate infrastructure such as good roads, electricity, clean water, healthcare, and quality schools. For instance, many communities in rural Cross River State still rely on boreholes or streams for water and use lanterns for lighting.
(vi) Low Literacy and Educational Levels: Due to inadequate schools and poverty, many rural dwellers have low levels of formal education. A typical rural village in Zamfara State may have just one primary school, limiting opportunities for higher learning.
(vii) Subsistence Living: Rural societies often practice subsistence agriculture, where families produce mainly for their own consumption with little surplus for sale. For example, a family in a village in Ebonyi State may grow cassava and vegetables just to feed themselves.
(viii) Slow Social Change: Change in rural areas is often slow because people are deeply rooted in tradition and are less exposed to modern trends and innovations. Technologies and new ideas take longer to penetrate these areas compared to cities.
(3b)
(i) Poor Infrastructure: Many rural areas lack basic infrastructure such as good roads, electricity, water supply, and communication networks. This hinders access to markets, education, healthcare, and modern farming techniques, thereby slowing development.
(ii) Low Level of Education: The majority of rural dwellers have limited access to quality education, leading to low literacy rates. This affects their ability to adopt new technologies and engage in skilled labor, which is essential for transformation.
(iii) Inadequate Government Policies and Implementation: Although there are policies aimed at rural development, poor implementation, corruption, and lack of political will often prevent these programs from reaching the intended communities.
(iv) Insufficient Healthcare Services: Most rural areas suffer from inadequate health facilities, equipment, and medical personnel. Poor health reduces productivity and the overall quality of life, making transformation difficult.
(v) High Poverty Rate: Widespread poverty among rural dwellers limits their ability to invest in better farming tools, education, or businesses, keeping them in a cycle of poverty and underdevelopment.
(vi) Rural-Urban Migration: Many young people migrate to urban areas in search of better opportunities, leaving behind an aging population. This drains rural areas of the human resources needed for growth and innovation.
(vii) Limited Access to Credit Facilities: Farmers and small business owners in rural areas often lack access to affordable loans or financial services, which restricts their ability to expand or improve their operations.
(viii) Land Tenure System Issues: Complicated or insecure land ownership systems discourage investment in land development and commercial agriculture, limiting the economic potential of rural areas.
(ix) Insecurity and Communal Conflicts: In some rural areas, insecurity due to banditry, herder-farmer clashes, or communal disputes disrupts daily life and discourages investment and government intervention.
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Number Four
(4)
(i) Maintenance of Law and Order: One of the most essential functions of government is to maintain peace and security. It achieves this through the establishment of laws and the enforcement of these laws via institutions like the police, judiciary, and correctional services. This ensures societal stability and deters criminal behavior.
(ii) Economic Regulation and Development: Governments regulate economic activities to ensure fairness and prevent exploitation. Through policies, it controls inflation, taxation, and employment. It also promotes economic growth through infrastructure development, trade facilitation, and support for industries
(iii) Defense and External Relations: Every government is responsible for protecting its territorial integrity from external aggression. This is done through the military and diplomatic relations with other countries. It also engages in international cooperation to promote peace, trade, and development.
(iv) Political Participation and Representation: Government creates a political structure where citizens can participate in decision-making either directly or through elected representatives. This function strengthens democracy and fosters accountability and inclusiveness.
(v) Conflict Resolution: Government serves as an arbiter in social, political, and economic disputes through legal and administrative frameworks. This helps in the peaceful resolution of conflicts and upholds justice.
(vi) Environmental Protection: Modern governments are increasingly responsible for protecting the environment by enacting policies and regulations that prevent pollution, conserve natural resources, and combat climate change.
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COMPLETED.
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