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IJMB 2026 Sociology Paper II Expo Runz PDF
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IJMB Sociology Paper II Questions and Answers
Below, the 2025/2026 IJMB Sociology Questions and answers are now available for unrestricted free access.
Number One
(1)
(i) Spread of Misinformation: Fake news promotes the circulation of false or misleading information among citizens. Through social media platforms, rumours and fabricated stories spread rapidly, causing people to make wrong decisions based on inaccurate information. This often creates confusion and misunderstanding within society.
(ii) Threat to National Security: Fake news and cyber-crime can endanger national security by spreading panic, fear, and false alarms. For example, false reports about terrorist attacks, ethnic conflicts, or political crises may create unrest and tension among citizens. Cyber-criminals may also hack government systems and compromise sensitive national information.
(iii) Financial Losses: Cyber-crime leads to significant financial losses for individuals, businesses, and government institutions. Criminals use phishing emails, online scams, identity theft, and fraudulent transactions to steal money from unsuspecting victims. These activities weaken economic growth and reduce public confidence in digital transactions.
(iv) Damage to Reputation: Fake news can tarnish the image and reputation of individuals, organizations, and public officials. False accusations and misleading reports may destroy a person’s credibility and social standing. Similarly, cyber-criminals may hack accounts and publish harmful content that damages the reputation of their victims.
(v) Promotion of Social Conflict: The spread of fake news often fuels ethnic, religious, and political conflicts in Nigeria. False information can incite hatred, discrimination, and violence among different groups. As a result, social harmony and peaceful coexistence are threatened, leading to instability in communities.
(vi) Loss of Trust in Institutions: When fake news becomes widespread, citizens may find it difficult to distinguish between true and false information. This reduces public trust in government agencies, media organizations, educational institutions, and other social institutions. The decline in trust can weaken effective governance and social cooperation.
(vii) Negative Effects on Youth and Moral Values: Cybercrime encourages many young people to engage in fraudulent activities in pursuit of quick wealth. This weakens moral values such as honesty, hard work, and integrity. As more youths become involved in internet fraud and related crimes, society experiences increased moral decadence and criminal behaviour.
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Number Two
(2)
(i) Growth refers to an increase in the size, quantity, or output of an economy, while development refers to an improvement in the quality of life of the people; for example, Nigeria’s GDP may increase due to higher oil production (growth), while the provision of better healthcare and education services represents development.
(ii) Growth is mainly quantitative and can be measured statistically, while development is both quantitative and qualitative and focuses on overall welfare; for example, an increase in the number of factories is growth, while improved living standards resulting from employment opportunities are development.
(iii) Growth may occur without improving people’s well-being, while development directly enhances the welfare of citizens; for example, a state may experience increased revenue from taxes (growth), while the construction of good roads, schools, and hospitals from that revenue is development.
(iv) Growth is concerned with economic expansion over time, while development is concerned with social, economic, and political progress; for example, an increase in agricultural output is growth, while improved farming techniques and better rural living conditions are development.
(v) Growth can be achieved within a short period, while development is usually a long-term process that requires sustained improvements; for example, a sudden rise in crude oil exports is growth, while reducing poverty and illiteracy through government programmes is development.
(vi) Growth focuses on increased production and income, while development focuses on equitable distribution of resources and opportunities; for example, a rise in national income is growth, while ensuring that rural communities have access to electricity and clean water is development.
(vii) Growth is measured using indicators such as GDP and national income, while development is measured using indicators such as literacy rate, life expectancy, and standard of living; for example, an increase in GDP is growth, while a reduction in infant mortality rate is development.
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Number Three
(3a)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Financial Problems: Lack of adequate income and poor financial management often create tension between spouses. When couples are unable to meet basic family needs such as food, housing, education, and healthcare, frequent disagreements may arise, leading to marital instability.
(ii) Infidelity: Unfaithfulness by either spouse is a major cause of marital instability in Nigeria. Extramarital affairs often lead to mistrust, jealousy, emotional pain, and conflicts, which may eventually result in separation or divorce.
(iii) Poor Communication: Effective communication is essential for a successful marriage. When couples fail to discuss their feelings, expectations, and challenges openly, misunderstandings develop. Persistent communication breakdown can weaken the marital relationship and create instability.
(iv) Domestic Violence: Physical, emotional, verbal, or psychological abuse within the family can destabilize a marriage. Victims of domestic violence often experience fear, insecurity, and emotional trauma, making it difficult for the marriage to remain peaceful and stable.
(v) Interference from Extended Family Members: Excessive involvement of parents, relatives, and in-laws in the affairs of a couple can create conflicts in marriage. When family members attempt to control decisions or take sides during disagreements, marital harmony may be disrupted.
(vi) Childlessness or Infertility: In many Nigerian communities, having children is highly valued. When couples are unable to have children, they may face social pressure, emotional stress, and accusations from family members. These challenges can generate conflicts and contribute to marital instability.
(vii) Lack of Compatibility: Differences in values, beliefs, religion, culture, educational background, or personal goals may create difficulties in marriage. When spouses are unable to adjust to these differences and resolve conflicts peacefully, the marriage may become unstable.
(3b)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Effective Communication: Couples should communicate openly, honestly, and respectfully with each other. Regular discussions about family matters, expectations, and challenges help to prevent misunderstandings and strengthen mutual understanding in marriage.
(ii) Financial Planning and Management: Proper management of family finances can reduce conflicts arising from money-related issues. Couples should prepare budgets, spend wisely, and work together to meet the needs of the family, thereby promoting stability in the marriage.
(iii) Faithfulness Between Spouses: Husbands and wives should remain loyal and committed to each other. Faithfulness helps to build trust, love, and confidence in the relationship, reducing the likelihood of conflicts caused by infidelity.
(iv) Marriage Counselling and Guidance: Couples should seek professional counselling whenever they encounter marital challenges. Marriage counsellors, religious leaders, and family experts can provide guidance and practical solutions that help to resolve conflicts peacefully.
(v) Mutual Respect and Tolerance: Spouses should respect each other’s opinions, rights, and personalities. Tolerance and understanding help couples to manage their differences effectively and maintain peace and harmony in the home.
(vi) Limiting Interference from Extended Family Members: Couples should establish healthy boundaries with relatives and in-laws. While family advice may be useful, important marital decisions should primarily be made by the husband and wife to avoid unnecessary conflicts and external pressure.
(vii) Proper Preparation Before Marriage: Individuals should undergo adequate premarital counselling and learn about the responsibilities of marriage before getting married. Proper preparation helps couples develop realistic expectations, acquire conflict-resolution skills, and build a strong foundation for a stable marriage.
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Number Four
(4i)
Focus Group Discussions (FGDs): Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is a qualitative method of data collection in which a small group of people, usually between six and twelve participants, are brought together to discuss a particular topic under the guidance of a moderator. The moderator asks questions and encourages participants to share their views, experiences, and opinions. This technique enables researchers to obtain detailed information and understand people’s attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions regarding a social issue. It is commonly used in social research to gather in-depth data from a group setting.
(4ii)
Key Informant Interviews (KII): Key Informant Interview (KII) is a data collection technique that involves interviewing individuals who possess specialized knowledge, experience, or information about a particular subject or community. These individuals, known as key informants, may include community leaders, government officials, religious leaders, teachers, or experts in a specific field. Through direct interaction, the researcher obtains valuable insights and detailed information that may not be available from the general population. This method is useful for understanding complex social issues and obtaining reliable background information.
(4iii)
Oral Interview (Questionnaire): Oral Interview, also known as an interviewer-administered questionnaire, is a technique in which the researcher asks respondents questions verbally and records their answers. Unlike a self-administered questionnaire, the respondent does not fill out the form personally. This method allows the researcher to clarify questions, obtain complete responses, and gather detailed information directly from respondents. Oral interviews are particularly useful when respondents are illiterate or when the researcher requires more explanation and accuracy in the responses provided.
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