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IJMB Geography Paper II Questions and Answers
The 2025/2026 IJMB Geography Questions and answers are now available for unrestricted access below.
Number One
(1)
(i) Most Tropical African countries are still characterized by very high birth rates: This is largely due to factors such as early marriage, polygamy, low level of female education, cultural preference for large families, high dependence on children as a source of labour, and limited access to family planning services. These factors continue to encourage high fertility rates across many countries in the region.
(ii) Death rates have declined considerably in many Tropical African countries: This decline has been made possible through improvements in healthcare services, availability of modern drugs, immunization programmes, better sanitation, improved water supply and enhanced nutrition. As a result, infant and child mortality rates have reduced significantly.
(iii) Rapid population growth has occurred in many Tropical African countries: The persistence of high birth rates alongside declining death rates has created a wide gap between births and deaths. This has resulted in a rapid increase in population size, which is a major characteristic of the demographic situation in the region.
(iv) Many Tropical African countries are still in Stage Two of the Demographic Transition Model: This stage is characterized by high birth rates, declining death rates and rapid population growth. The majority of countries in Tropical Africa exhibit these features and therefore fit into this stage of demographic transition.
(v) Some countries are gradually moving towards Stage Three of the model: Increased urbanization, industrialization, improved educational opportunities, higher female participation in the workforce and greater awareness of family planning have contributed to a gradual reduction in birth rates in some countries.
(vi) The transition to later stages has been relatively slow in many countries: Factors such as widespread poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, religious and cultural beliefs, inadequate social amenities and limited access to reproductive health services have slowed the pace of demographic change in many parts of Tropical Africa.
(vii) Tropical African countries have only partially conformed to the Demographic Transition Model: While the decline in death rates and rapid population growth agree with the model, most countries have not yet reached the stages where birth rates fall substantially. Therefore, conformity to the model is incomplete, with the majority of countries remaining in the early stages of demographic transition.
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Number Two
(2)
(i) Agriculture provides food for the growing population: One of the primary contributions of agriculture is the production of food crops and livestock products needed to feed the population. Adequate food supply helps to reduce hunger and malnutrition, improves the health of the people and ensures the availability of a productive labour force necessary for economic growth and development.
(ii) Agriculture creates employment opportunities: Agriculture employs a large proportion of the labour force in most developing countries. It provides jobs for farmers, farm labourers, agricultural extension workers, transporters, marketers and processors of agricultural products. This helps to reduce unemployment and improve the standard of living of the people.
(iii) Agriculture supplies raw materials for industries: Many industries depend heavily on agricultural products as raw materials for their operations. For example, cotton is used in textile industries, cocoa in beverage industries, oil palm in soap and vegetable oil industries, while timber is used in furniture and construction industries. This promotes industrial growth and development.
(iv) Agriculture generates foreign exchange earnings: Developing countries earn substantial foreign exchange through the export of agricultural commodities such as cocoa, coffee, rubber, cotton, palm produce and tea. The foreign exchange earned can be used to import machinery, technology and other essential goods needed for economic development.
(v) Agriculture contributes significantly to national income: The agricultural sector contributes to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of many developing countries. Increased agricultural production leads to higher national output and income, thereby supporting overall economic growth and development.
(vi) Agriculture provides a market for industrial products: Farmers and agricultural organizations purchase goods such as tractors, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation equipment and other manufactured products. This creates demand for industrial goods and encourages the expansion of the manufacturing sector.
(vii) Agriculture promotes rural development: Agricultural activities often lead to the development of rural areas through the provision of infrastructure such as roads, electricity, water supply systems, storage facilities, schools and healthcare centres. These improvements enhance the quality of life and stimulate economic activities in rural communities.
(viii) Agriculture provides capital for economic development: Income generated from agricultural production can be invested in other sectors of the economy such as manufacturing, transportation, commerce and services. This helps to mobilize capital needed for broader economic development.
(ix) Agriculture encourages industrialization: The availability of abundant agricultural raw materials supports the establishment and growth of agro-based industries. Such industries create employment opportunities, increase production and contribute to the diversification of the economy.
(x) Agriculture helps in poverty reduction and improvement of living standards: Increased agricultural productivity raises farmers’ incomes, improves household welfare and reduces poverty levels. As people’s incomes increase, they are able to access better education, healthcare and housing, thereby improving their overall standard of living.
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Number Three
(3)
(i) Transportation facilitates the movement of goods and services: It enables raw materials, finished products and other commodities to be moved efficiently from areas of production to areas of consumption. This helps to promote trade and commercial activities within and outside the country.
(ii) Transportation promotes agricultural development: It provides farmers with access to markets where they can sell their produce and obtain necessary farming inputs. Efficient transport systems help to reduce post-harvest losses and encourage increased agricultural production.
(iii) Transportation encourages industrial growth: Industries depend on transportation for the supply of raw materials and the distribution of finished goods. An efficient transport network reduces production costs and enhances industrial productivity and expansion.
(iv) Transportation generates employment opportunities: The transportation sector provides jobs for drivers, pilots, sailors, railway workers, mechanics, engineers, transport managers and many others. This contributes to income generation and reduction of unemployment.
(v) Transportation promotes domestic and international trade: Good transport facilities make it easier for traders to move goods from one market to another and to engage in international commerce. This increases the volume of trade and contributes to economic growth.
(vi) Transportation facilitates regional and national integration: It links different parts of a country together, promoting social and economic interactions among regions. This helps to strengthen national unity and encourages balanced regional development.
(vii) Transportation attracts investment: Investors are more willing to establish businesses in areas with good transport infrastructure because it reduces the cost of moving raw materials and finished products. This encourages both local and foreign investment.
(viii) Transportation promotes tourism development: Efficient transportation systems make tourist destinations more accessible to visitors. Increased tourism generates revenue, creates employment opportunities and contributes to national income.
(ix) Transportation enhances access to social services: It enables people to reach schools, hospitals, markets and other essential services more easily. This improves the quality of life and contributes to human capital development.
(x) Transportation contributes to national income and economic growth: Revenue generated from transport services, taxes and related activities contributes to government income. Furthermore, transportation supports productive activities in all sectors of the economy, thereby stimulating overall economic development.
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Number Four
(4)
Urbanization refers to the increase in the population of people living in towns and cities. Rapid urbanization in developing countries is the fast movement of people from rural areas to urban centres, leading to the expansion of cities beyond their capacity. This process is caused by several push and pull factors and is associated with many socio-economic and environmental problems. It is a common feature in most developing economies today.
=FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR RAPID URBANIZATION=
(i) Rural-urban migration: One of the major causes of rapid urbanization is the movement of people from rural areas to urban centres in search of better living conditions. Many rural dwellers migrate due to lack of basic amenities such as electricity, good roads, and hospitals in rural areas. This movement increases city population rapidly.
(ii) Availability of employment opportunities: Urban areas attract people because they offer more job opportunities in industries, offices, construction sites, and service sectors. In contrast, rural areas mainly depend on subsistence farming, which provides limited income. This makes cities more attractive to job seekers.
(iii) Better educational facilities: Cities provide access to higher institutions, good secondary schools, and vocational training centres. Many young people move to urban areas to pursue quality education and improve their future prospects. This encourages long-term settlement in urban areas.
(iv) Improved healthcare services: Urban centres have better hospitals, clinics, and medical personnel compared to rural areas. This encourages people, especially pregnant women and the sick, to relocate to cities for better healthcare. This improves life expectancy in urban areas.
(v) Industrialization and economic activities: The concentration of industries in urban areas attracts workers from rural regions. Industries create jobs and stimulate economic activities, making cities more attractive for settlement. This leads to continuous population growth in cities.
(vi) Availability of social amenities: Urban areas have better infrastructure such as electricity, water supply, entertainment centres, and transportation systems. These facilities improve the standard of living and attract more people. They enhance urban comfort and convenience.
(vii) Population growth and natural increase: High birth rates in urban areas also contribute to urban population growth. Improved healthcare reduces death rates, leading to natural population increase in cities. This adds to the pressure on urban services.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RAPID URBANIZATION=
(i) Overpopulation and overcrowding: Rapid urbanization leads to excessive population concentration in cities. This results in overcrowded housing, congestion, and pressure on available facilities. It makes living conditions uncomfortable.
(ii) Housing shortages and slums:Cities often cannot provide enough housing for the growing population, leading to the development of slums and informal settlements with poor living conditions. These areas lack basic infrastructure.
(iii) Unemployment and underemployment:The number of job seekers often exceeds available job opportunities in urban areas, leading to unemployment, poverty, and frustration among residents. This increases social problems in cities.
(iv) Traffic congestion: Increased population leads to more vehicles on the roads, causing traffic jams, delays, and inefficiency in transportation systems. This wastes time and reduces productivity.
(v) Pressure on social amenities: Facilities such as water supply, electricity, schools, and hospitals become overstretched due to high demand, reducing their efficiency and quality. This leads to inadequate service delivery.
(vi) Environmental pollution: Rapid urbanization leads to air pollution from vehicles and industries, water pollution from waste disposal, and general environmental degradation. This affects human health negatively.
(vii) Increase in crime rate: High unemployment and poverty in cities often lead to crimes such as theft, robbery, drug abuse, and violence. This reduces safety in urban areas.
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Number Five
(5)
(i) Source of Foreign Exchange: International trade enables developing countries to earn foreign currencies through the export of goods and services. These foreign earnings are used to pay for imports and meet international obligations.
(ii) Revenue Generation for Government: Governments earn substantial revenue from customs duties, export taxes, tariffs, and other trade-related charges, which can be used for national development projects.
(iii) Encouragement of Industrial Growth: International trade creates larger markets for locally produced goods, thereby encouraging the establishment and expansion of industries.
(iv) Employment Creation: Export-oriented industries, transportation, banking, insurance, and other trade-related activities generate employment opportunities for a large number of people.
(v) Access to Capital Goods and Technology: Developing countries can import modern machinery, equipment, and advanced technology needed to improve production efficiency and economic development.
(vi) Promotion of Specialization: International trade encourages countries to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have comparative advantage, leading to increased productivity.
(vii) Expansion of Markets: Trade provides producers with access to wider international markets beyond their domestic markets, resulting in increased sales and profits.
(viii) Improvement in Standard of Living: Consumers have access to a greater variety of goods and services, often at competitive prices, thereby improving their quality of life.
(ix) Attraction of Foreign Investment: Active participation in international trade attracts foreign investors who establish businesses and industries, bringing capital and expertise into the country.
(x) Strengthening International Relations: Trade promotes cooperation, friendship, and economic interdependence among nations, which can enhance political and diplomatic relations.
(xi) Efficient Utilization of Resources: International trade encourages countries to make better use of their natural, human, and financial resources for maximum economic benefit.
(xii) Economic Growth and Development:
Through increased production, investment, employment, and income generation, international trade contributes significantly to the overall economic growth and development of developing countries.
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Number Six
(6)
Atmospheric resources are the useful elements found in the atmosphere such as air, wind, rainfall, sunlight, temperature, and gases. These resources play a very important role in the socio-economic development of countries, especially in developing nations where many economic activities depend directly on natural weather conditions.
WAYS ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCES ARE VITAL TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT=
(i) Rainfall and agricultural development: Rainfall is one of the most important atmospheric resources because it supports crop growth and livestock production. Adequate and well-distributed rainfall ensures high agricultural output and food security. It also determines the type of crops grown in a region.
Without rainfall, irrigation becomes necessary, which is costly for farmers.
(ii) Sunlight and energy production: Sunlight provides solar energy which can be used for electricity generation and drying of agricultural products. Solar energy is a clean and renewable source of power that reduces dependence on fossil fuels. It supports both rural and urban electrification.
It also helps in drying crops like cocoa, grains, and fish.
(iii) Wind energy and power generation: Wind is used to generate electricity through wind turbines in some parts of the world. It is also used for pumping water and sailing activities in coastal areas. This contributes to alternative energy development. Wind energy is environmentally friendly and reduces pollution.
(iv) Temperature and human activities: Temperature affects farming, clothing, settlement patterns, and economic activities. Moderate temperatures encourage human settlement and productivity, while extreme temperatures can reduce output. It also influences crop growth cycles. Industries also depend on temperature conditions for production processes.
(v) Atmospheric gases and industrial development:Gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are important for life and industrial processes. Oxygen supports human and animal survival, while carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis. These gases maintain ecological balance. Industries also use atmospheric gases in chemical production.
(vi) Rainfall and water supply: Rainfall is a major source of freshwater for domestic use, agriculture, and industrial activities. It helps to recharge rivers, lakes, and underground water. This reduces the cost of water supply in many regions. It is essential for sustaining ecosystems and biodiversity.
(vii) Climate and tourism development: Favourable atmospheric conditions such as cool temperatures and sunny weather promote tourism activities. Many tourists visit areas with good climate conditions for relaxation and recreation. This generates foreign exchange for countries.
It also creates employment in the tourism sector.
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Number Seven
(7)
(i) Crude oil generates substantial government revenue: Revenue obtained from crude oil exports provides funds for government expenditure on infrastructure, education, healthcare, security and other development projects.
(ii) Crude oil earns foreign exchange for the country: The export of crude oil brings in large amounts of foreign exchange which is used to finance imports, stabilize the economy and support national development programmes.
(iii) Crude oil creates employment opportunities: The petroleum industry provides jobs for engineers, geologists, technicians, administrators, marketers and many other categories of workers both directly and indirectly.
(iv) Crude oil promotes industrial development: The availability of petroleum products supports the growth of petrochemical industries, refineries, fertilizer plants and other related industries that contribute to economic development.
(v) Crude oil encourages infrastructural development: Revenue generated from oil has been used to construct roads, bridges, airports, seaports, schools, hospitals and other essential facilities across the country.
(vi) Crude oil contributes significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The petroleum sector remains one of the major contributors to national income and economic growth in Nigeria.
(vii) Crude oil attracts foreign investment: The oil industry has attracted multinational companies and foreign investors, leading to capital inflow, technology transfer and increased economic activities.
(viii) Crude oil improves living standards: Income derived from the petroleum sector has helped to improve the standard of living of many citizens through employment opportunities, social services and economic development programmes.
=CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXPLOITATION OF CRUDE OIL=
(i) Environmental pollution: Oil spills, gas flaring and other petroleum activities have caused serious environmental degradation, affecting farmlands, rivers, forests and aquatic life.
(ii) Overdependence on crude oil: Excessive reliance on oil revenue has led to the neglect of other important sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing, making the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices.
(iii) Militancy and insecurity: Conflicts arising from resource control, environmental degradation and perceived marginalization have contributed to unrest and insecurity in oil-producing areas.
(iv) Corruption and mismanagement of revenue: A significant portion of oil revenue has sometimes been lost through corruption, poor management and lack of accountability, limiting its developmental impact.
(v) Health hazards and environmental degradation: Gas flaring and pollution expose local communities to health problems and reduce the quality of the environment.
(vi) Fluctuation in world oil prices: Changes in international oil prices often affect government revenue, economic planning and national development programmes.
(vii) Pipeline vandalism and oil theft: Illegal activities such as pipeline vandalism and crude oil theft result in revenue losses, environmental damage and disruption of oil production.
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Number Eleven
(11)
(i) Irregular rainfall: One major climatic factor that limits agricultural development is irregular rainfall. When rainfall is delayed, crops fail to germinate properly, and when it is excessive, it leads to flooding and destruction of farmland. This makes farming unpredictable and reduces yield. Farmers are often unable to plan their planting seasons effectively. It also leads to crop loss in many farming areas.
(ii) Drought and dry season: Prolonged dry seasons and drought reduce soil moisture needed for crop growth. This leads to wilting of crops and death of livestock due to lack of water and pasture. It also forces farmers to abandon farming temporarily. In severe cases, it causes food shortages and famine. It increases the cost of agricultural production.
(iii) Excessive rainfall and flooding: Heavy rainfall often results in flooding, which washes away crops and erodes fertile topsoil. Flooded farmlands become unsuitable for cultivation for a long period. This reduces agricultural productivity significantly. It also destroys farm infrastructure such as roads and storage facilities. This disrupts transportation of farm produce.
(iv) High temperature: Excessively high temperatures increase evaporation and reduce soil moisture needed for crop growth. Some crops cannot survive under very hot conditions. This limits the types of crops that can be grown. It also increases stress on livestock, reducing their productivity. This lowers farmers’ income.
(v) Unreliable rainfall pattern due to climate change: Climate change has made rainfall patterns unpredictable in Nigeria . Farmers can no longer rely on traditional weather patterns for farming activities. This affects planning and reduces agricultural efficiency. It also increases the risk of crop failure. This discourages large-scale farming.
(vi) Harmattan winds: The dry and dusty Harmattan winds reduce humidity and cause dryness of soil and crops. They also affect livestock health and reduce pasture quality. This lowers both crop and animal production. In addition, it affects visibility and farming operations. It can delay farm activities during the season.
(vii) Short growing season: In some regions, the period suitable for crop growth is very short due to climatic conditions. This limits the number of crops that can be cultivated in a year. It reduces total agricultural output. Farmers are forced to rely on fast-maturing crops only. This limits agricultural diversity.
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COMPLETED.
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