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IJMB Government Paper II Questions and Answers
A selection of the 2025/2026 IJMB Government Paper II Questions and answers now appears for free viewing below.
Number One
(1)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Existence of Well-Established Traditional Institutions: Northern Nigeria already had a highly organized political system under the Emirate structure established by the Sokoto Caliphate. The Emirs, district heads, and village heads exercised authority over the people and maintained law and order. The British found it easier to govern through these existing institutions rather than dismantle them and create entirely new administrative structures. This made administration more convenient and effective.
(ii) Shortage of British Administrative Personnel: The British colonial government did not have enough officials to administer the vast territories of Northern Nigeria directly. The region covered a large geographical area with millions of inhabitants. By using traditional rulers as agents of administration, the British were able to govern effectively despite the limited number of colonial officers available.
(iii) Reduction of Administrative Costs: Direct administration would have required the recruitment, training, and payment of many European officials, which would have been expensive. Indirect Rule allowed the British to use existing traditional rulers and institutions, thereby reducing the cost of governance. The system enabled the colonial government to administer the territory with fewer financial resources.
(iv) Preservation of Local Customs and Traditions: The British believed that governing through traditional rulers would help preserve the customs, culture, and religious practices of the people. Since Northern Nigeria was predominantly Islamic and deeply attached to its traditional institutions, Indirect Rule minimized resistance by allowing the people to retain their familiar political and social systems while accepting British authority.
(v) Prevention of Popular Resistance and Rebellion: The British understood that direct interference in the affairs of the people could provoke opposition and unrest. By ruling through respected Emirs and traditional leaders, colonial policies appeared more acceptable to the local population. This reduced the likelihood of rebellion and helped maintain peace and stability in the region.
(vi) Success of the System in Other Areas: British colonial administrators, particularly Lord Lugard, had observed that governing through local rulers could be effective. The system had shown promising results in some parts of Northern Nigeria during the early stages of colonial administration. Its perceived success encouraged the British to adopt and expand the policy throughout the region.
(vii) Ease of Tax Collection: Traditional rulers already possessed authority over their subjects and had established methods of collecting tributes and levies. The British used these rulers to collect taxes on behalf of the colonial government. This arrangement made revenue collection easier, more efficient, and less costly than establishing a completely new tax administration.
(viii) Vast Size and Diverse Population of Northern Nigeria: Northern Nigeria was extensive in land area and contained numerous ethnic groups and communities. Administering such a large and diverse territory directly would have been difficult. Indirect Rule enabled the British to reach local communities through traditional authorities who understood the language, culture, and needs of their people, thereby making governance more effective.
(ix) Limited Knowledge of Local Languages and Culture: Most British officials lacked a proper understanding of the languages, customs, and social structures of the people of Northern Nigeria. Traditional rulers, however, possessed intimate knowledge of their communities. By governing through them, the British overcame communication barriers and administered the region more efficiently.
(x) Desire to Maintain Political Stability: The British aimed to establish a stable administration that would facilitate trade, tax collection, and colonial control. Traditional rulers commanded respect and loyalty from their subjects, making them useful instruments for maintaining law and order. Their cooperation helped the colonial government achieve political stability with minimal disruption.
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Number Two
(2)
(i) The Oba (King): The Oba was the supreme political ruler and the head of the Yoruba kingdom. He was regarded as the custodian of the people’s traditions, customs, and culture. The Oba exercised executive, legislative, judicial, and religious functions. He presided over important state affairs, maintained law and order, and represented the kingdom in external relations. Although highly respected, his powers were not absolute because they were checked by other institutions.
(ii) The Oyomesi (Council of Chiefs): The Oyomesi was the principal council of chiefs in the Oyo Empire. It consisted of seven notable chiefs headed by the Bashorun. The council advised the Alaafin on matters of governance, administration, and public welfare. It also acted as a check on the king’s authority and could compel an Alaafin to abdicate if he ruled tyrannically or failed in his responsibilities.
(iii) The Bashorun: The Bashorun was the head of the Oyomesi and the most powerful chief after the Alaafin. He served as the chief adviser to the king and coordinated the activities of the council. The Bashorun played a significant role in the selection and removal of the Alaafin. During important ceremonies and state functions, he acted as a key representative of the kingdom.
(iv) The Ogboni Society: The Ogboni was a powerful secret society made up of influential elders and titled individuals. It performed judicial, religious, and political functions within the kingdom. The society acted as a check on both the Alaafin and the Oyomesi, ensuring that neither abused power. It also settled disputes, maintained social order, and preserved the traditions and customs of the people.
(v) The Army (Eso): The military institution was responsible for defending the kingdom against external attacks and suppressing internal rebellions. The army was headed by the Are-Ona-Kakanfo, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Apart from ensuring security, the army expanded the kingdom’s territory through warfare and protected trade routes from invasion and criminal activities.
(vi) The Are-Ona-Kakanfo: The Are-Ona-Kakanfo was the supreme military commander of the Yoruba kingdom. He led the army during wars and was responsible for organizing military campaigns. His position was highly respected because the safety and expansion of the kingdom largely depended on his effectiveness. He was expected to display courage, loyalty, and military competence at all times.
(vii) The Council of Elders: At the town and village levels, councils of elders assisted in administration and governance. These elders advised local rulers, settled disputes, enforced customary laws, and promoted peace within their communities. Their wisdom, experience, and knowledge of tradition made them important decision-makers in Yoruba society.
(viii) District and Village Chiefs: District chiefs and village heads administered local areas on behalf of the Oba. They collected tributes, maintained law and order, supervised local development, and communicated government policies to the people. They also served as intermediaries between the central authority and the grassroots population, ensuring effective administration throughout the kingdom.
(ix) The Palace Officials: Palace officials assisted the Oba in the day-to-day administration of the kingdom. They managed palace affairs, conveyed royal messages, organized ceremonies, and ensured that the king’s directives were properly implemented. These officials contributed significantly to the smooth functioning of government.
(x) Religious Priests and Priestesses: Religious leaders played an important role in the political administration of the Yoruba kingdom. They performed rituals, consulted oracles, interpreted divine messages, and advised rulers on spiritual matters. Since religion was closely linked with governance, their influence helped legitimize political authority and maintain social stability.
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Number Three
(3)
The Richards Constitution of 1946 was introduced by Arthur Richards to promote unity and provide greater participation of Nigerians in governance. However, despite its achievements, the constitution had several weaknesses that attracted criticism from Nigerian nationalists and political leaders.
(i) Lack of Adequate Consultation with Nigerians: One of the major weaknesses of the Richards Constitution was that it was introduced without sufficient consultation with the Nigerian people. Most Nigerians were not given the opportunity to contribute to its formulation. As a result, many people felt that the constitution did not reflect their aspirations, needs, and political interests.
(ii) Limited Representation of Nigerians: The constitution provided only limited opportunities for Nigerians to participate in government. Most important positions remained under the control of British colonial officials, while elected Nigerian representatives had little influence on major policy decisions. This restricted genuine democratic participation.
(iii) Excessive Powers of the Governor: The Governor retained enormous powers under the constitution. He could veto decisions, make laws in certain circumstances, and control the executive arm of government. This concentration of power in the hands of the Governor reduced the effectiveness of the legislative councils and limited self-government.
(iv) Indirect Election System: The constitution did not provide for direct elections in most parts of the country. Representatives were largely selected through indirect means, which reduced the people’s ability to choose their leaders freely. This weakened democratic principles and limited popular participation in the political process.
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Number Four
(4)
Local governments are established to bring governance and development closer to the people at the grassroots level. However, several challenges have limited their ability to perform their functions effectively and meet the needs of the local population. The following are four major factors hindering the effective performance of local government in Nigeria:
(i) Inadequate Funding: One of the major problems facing local governments is insufficient financial resources. Many local governments depend heavily on allocations from the federal and state governments, which are often inadequate or irregular. As a result, they find it difficult to provide essential services, execute development projects, and meet their financial obligations to workers and communities.
(ii) Corruption and Mismanagement: Corruption among some local government officials has negatively affected the performance of local councils. Public funds meant for community development projects are sometimes misappropriated or diverted for personal use. This reduces the resources available for the provision of social amenities and slows down development at the grassroots level.
(iii) Interference by State Governments: State governments often interfere in the administration and finances of local governments. In many cases, state authorities control local government funds and influence their decisions, thereby limiting their autonomy. Such interference prevents local governments from carrying out their responsibilities independently and effectively.
(iv) Shortage of Qualified Personnel: Many local governments lack adequately trained and experienced staff to handle administrative and developmental responsibilities. The shortage of skilled personnel affects planning, implementation of projects, record keeping, and service delivery. This weakens the overall efficiency and effectiveness of local government administration.
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Number Five
(5)
National integration refers to the process of bringing together people of different ethnic, religious, cultural, and social backgrounds to promote unity, peace, and a sense of national belonging. To achieve this objective, the Nigerian government has introduced several measures aimed at strengthening national unity and fostering harmonious coexistence among citizens.
(i) National Youth Service Corps (NYSC): The National Youth Service Corps was established to promote unity among Nigerians by posting graduates to states other than their states of origin. Through the scheme, young Nigerians interact with people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds, thereby promoting mutual understanding, tolerance, and national cohesion. The programme helps reduce ethnic prejudice and encourages participants to see themselves as citizens of one nation.
(ii) Federal Character Principle: The Federal Character Principle was introduced to ensure fair representation of all states and ethnic groups in government appointments, public services, and the distribution of national resources. This measure prevents the domination of government institutions by any particular ethnic or regional group and promotes a sense of belonging among all Nigerians. It also helps maintain balance and equity in national affairs.
(iii) Creation of States and Local Governments: The Nigerian government has created additional states and local government areas over the years to bring governance closer to the people and ensure equitable distribution of resources and political opportunities. This policy reduces feelings of marginalization among minority groups and enhances participation in governance, thereby promoting national unity and integration.
(iv) Unity Schools Programme: The establishment of Federal Government Colleges, commonly known as Unity Schools, is another measure aimed at promoting national integration. Students from different parts of the country are admitted into these schools where they live, learn, and interact together. This exposure helps foster friendship, understanding, and respect among young Nigerians from diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds, thereby strengthening national unity.
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Number Six
(6)
Military intervention in politics occurs when the armed forces take over the government from civilian authorities. In Nigeria, military interventions were often justified by various political, economic, and social problems that affected the country. The following are four reasons for military intervention in Nigerian politics:
(i) Political Instability: Frequent political crises, conflicts among political leaders, election disputes, and the inability of civilian governments to maintain order often created instability in the country. The military sometimes intervened, claiming that it was necessary to restore peace, unity, and effective governance.
(ii) Corruption and Mismanagement: Widespread corruption, embezzlement of public funds, and poor management of national resources by civilian leaders contributed to military takeovers. The military often accused politicians of enriching themselves at the expense of the nation and used this as a justification for seizing power.
(iii) Electoral Malpractices: Rigging of elections, intimidation of voters, manipulation of election results, and other forms of electoral fraud weakened public confidence in civilian governments. The military sometimes claimed that intervention was necessary to correct these irregularities and protect the integrity of the political system.
(iv) Economic Problems: Severe economic difficulties such as inflation, unemployment, poverty, and poor economic planning often led to public dissatisfaction with civilian administrations. In some cases, the military used these economic challenges as a reason for taking over government, promising to improve the nation’s economic conditions and restore stability.
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Number Seven
(7)
Nigeria has been one of the most active and influential members of the African Union (AU). Since the establishment of the organization, Nigeria has contributed immensely towards achieving its objectives, such as promoting peace, unity, economic development, political stability, and cooperation among African nations. Through its leadership, financial support, diplomatic efforts, and commitment to African development, Nigeria has helped the AU pursue its goals across the continent.
(i) Promotion of Peace and Security: Nigeria has played a leading role in maintaining peace and security in Africa. It has contributed troops, military equipment, and financial resources to peacekeeping operations in countries affected by civil wars and political crises. Nigerian peacekeepers have participated in missions aimed at restoring law and order, protecting civilians, and promoting stability. These efforts have helped the AU achieve its objective of ensuring a peaceful and secure Africa where development can flourish.
(ii) Financial Contributions to the AU: Nigeria is one of the largest contributors to the African Union’s budget and special programmes. The country regularly provides financial assistance to support the activities, projects, and operations of the AU. These contributions help fund peacekeeping missions, development programmes, administrative activities, and emergency interventions across Africa. By providing financial support, Nigeria strengthens the AU’s ability to carry out its responsibilities effectively.
(iii) Promotion of African Unity and Solidarity: Nigeria has consistently encouraged cooperation, understanding, and unity among African countries. Through diplomatic engagements and participation in continental meetings, Nigeria promotes peaceful relations among member states. It advocates for collective action in addressing common African challenges and encourages countries to work together for mutual progress. This has helped strengthen African solidarity and foster a sense of common identity among African nations.
(iv) Support for the Liberation of African States: Nigeria played a significant role in supporting African countries that were under colonial rule and apartheid. The country provided financial, diplomatic, and moral support to liberation movements fighting for independence and freedom. Nigeria’s efforts contributed greatly to the eventual end of colonialism and racial segregation in several African countries. This support aligned with the AU’s goal of promoting freedom, self-determination, and equality throughout Africa.
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COMPLETED.
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