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IJMB Biology Paper II Questions and Answers
The 2025/2026 IJMB Biology Paper II Questions and answers are now offered below for complimentary access.
Number One
(1ai)
Plasmids: Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules found mainly in bacterial cells, separate from the main chromosomal DNA. They can replicate independently and often carry genes that provide useful characteristics such as antibiotic resistance. Plasmids can be transferred from one bacterium to another, making them important in genetic engineering and biotechnology.
(1aii)
Economic Importance of Termites: Termites play both beneficial and harmful roles in the economy. They help decompose dead plant materials and wood, thereby recycling nutrients and improving soil fertility. Their tunneling activities also enhance soil aeration and water penetration. However, termites can cause significant economic losses by destroying wooden structures, furniture, books, crops, and other valuable materials.
(1aiii)
Mouth to Mouth Resuscitation: Mouth to mouth resuscitation is a first-aid procedure used to assist a person who has stopped breathing. The rescuer blows air from his or her mouth into the victim’s mouth, supplying oxygen to the lungs. This helps maintain oxygen circulation in the body until normal breathing is restored or professional medical assistance becomes available.
(1aiv)
Feeding in Planaria: Planaria feeds by extending a muscular tube called the pharynx through its mouth located on the ventral surface of the body. The pharynx sucks in food particles or small organisms into the digestive cavity. Digestive enzymes break down the food, and the nutrients are absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Undigested materials are later expelled through the mouth since Planaria lacks an anus.
(1b)
Check the image:
(1c)
(i) Adipose tissue is the connective tissue that stores fat and cushions and insulates the body.
(ii) Energy-producing mitochondria, small organelles found free-floating in the cytoplasm of the cell.
(iii) The type of respiration that occurs through the skin is called cutaneous respiration.
(iv) DNA consists of two polynucleotide chains.
(v) Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste products from the body of mammals.
(vi) Hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system.
(vii) The two systems nervous system, and endocrine system regulate biological activities in the body.
(viii) Cementum is the tissue that forms the tooth from the dental crown to the tooth root.
(ix) Liver produces bile which aids in digesting fat.
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Number Two
(2a)
Blood sugar regulation is the process by which the body maintains the concentration of glucose in the blood within a normal range. When blood glucose rises after a meal, the pancreas secretes the hormone insulin. Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose by body cells and stimulates the liver and muscles to convert excess glucose into glycogen for storage, thereby lowering the blood sugar level.
Conversely, when blood glucose falls below normal, the pancreas releases another hormone called glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream. This increases the blood sugar level back to normal. Through the coordinated actions of insulin and glucagon, the body maintains a stable blood glucose concentration necessary for normal metabolic activities.
(2b)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Soil Aeration and Improvement: Earthworms burrow through the soil, creating channels that allow air to penetrate deeper layers. This improves soil aeration and facilitates the movement of water and plant roots. Better aeration enhances the activities of beneficial microorganisms and increases soil fertility, leading to improved agricultural productivity.
(ii) Formation of Humus: Annelids, particularly earthworms, feed on dead organic matter such as fallen leaves and plant debris. During digestion, these materials are broken down into simpler substances and converted into humus. Humus enriches the soil with nutrients, improves soil structure, and enhances water retention capacity, making it more suitable for crop growth.
(iii) Vermicomposting and Organic Fertilizer Production: Earthworms are widely used in vermicomposting, a process that converts organic waste into nutrient-rich compost. The castings produced by earthworms contain essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Farmers use this organic fertilizer to improve crop yields and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers.
(iv) Source of Food for Animals: Many animals such as birds, fish, frogs, lizards, and poultry feed on annelids. Earthworms are particularly valuable as a protein-rich food source in fish farming and poultry production. Their use as feed contributes to the growth and productivity of economically important livestock.
(v) Bait in Fishing Industry: Earthworms are extensively used as bait by fishermen because they effectively attract fish. Both commercial and recreational fishing industries rely on earthworms as a convenient and inexpensive bait source. This creates income opportunities for individuals involved in worm collection and cultivation.
(vi) Use in Scientific and Medical Research: Annelids serve as important experimental organisms in biological research. Scientists study their anatomy, physiology, regeneration, and behavior to gain insights into various biological processes. Research involving annelids has contributed significantly to advances in zoology, ecology, and medicine.
(vii) Medicinal Importance of Leeches: Certain annelids, especially leeches, have important medical applications. Medicinal leeches are used in modern surgery to improve blood circulation in reattached body parts and transplanted tissues. Their saliva contains anticoagulant substances that prevent blood clotting and promote healing.
(viii) Environmental Monitoring and Waste Management: Annelids play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance by decomposing organic wastes and recycling nutrients. Their presence and abundance can indicate soil quality and environmental health. They help reduce the accumulation of organic waste materials and contribute to environmental sanitation and sustainable ecosystem management.
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Number Three
(3a)
The gene theory of inheritance states that hereditary characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring through units called genes. Genes are located on chromosomes within the nucleus of cells and are responsible for controlling the expression of various traits. During reproduction, offspring inherit genes from both parents, receiving one set from the father and another set from the mother.
These genes carry genetic information that determines characteristics such as height, skin colour, blood group, and other inherited features. The combination and interaction of genes inherited from the parents result in similarities and variations among individuals. Thus, the gene theory explains that inheritance occurs through the transmission of genes from one generation to the next.
(3b)
Fish possess a single circulatory system in which blood passes through the heart only once during each complete circulation. The heart of a fish consists mainly of two chambers: one atrium and one ventricle.
Deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body enters the atrium and then flows into the ventricle. The ventricle pumps the blood to the gills through blood vessels. In the gills, carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is absorbed from the water, thereby oxygenating the blood.
The oxygenated blood then flows directly from the gills to all parts of the body where oxygen and nutrients are delivered to tissues. After supplying the body cells, the blood becomes deoxygenated and returns to the heart to begin the cycle again. Because the blood passes through the heart only once in a complete circuit, this type of circulation is known as single circulation.
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Number Five
(5a)
The perception of taste in humans begins when food substances dissolve in saliva inside the mouth. The dissolved substances come into contact with taste buds located mainly on the tongue, although some are also found in the soft palate and throat. Each taste bud contains specialized sensory receptor cells that are sensitive to different taste stimuli such as sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
When these chemicals stimulate the receptor cells, nerve impulses are generated. These impulses are transmitted through sensory nerves to the brain, particularly the gustatory center. The brain interprets the impulses and identifies the specific taste being experienced. The combined action of taste receptors, saliva, sensory nerves, and the brain enables humans to perceive and distinguish different tastes.
(5b)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Moist and Glandular Skin: A toad possesses a moist skin containing numerous glands. This skin helps in gaseous exchange, allowing the toad to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide directly through the body surface. The glands also produce mucus that prevents excessive water loss and keeps the skin moist.
(ii) Camouflaging Body Colour: The dull brown, grey, or greenish coloration of a toad helps it blend with its environment. This camouflage protects it from predators by making it difficult to detect among leaves, soil, and vegetation.
(iii) Poison Glands for Defence: Toads possess poison glands, especially behind the eyes. These glands secrete toxic substances that make the animal unpalatable or harmful to predators. This adaptation provides effective protection against enemies.
(iv) Strong Hind Limbs: The hind limbs of a toad are well developed and muscular. They enable the animal to move efficiently by hopping and making short jumps. These limbs also assist in escaping from predators and searching for food.
(v) Webbed Toes: Although less extensive than in frogs, the webbing between the toes helps the toad swim when in water. This adaptation facilitates movement during breeding and when escaping danger in aquatic environments.
(vi) Protrusible Sticky Tongue: A toad has a long, sticky tongue attached at the front of the mouth. The tongue can be rapidly projected outward to capture insects and other small prey. This adaptation enables efficient feeding without the need for chasing prey.
(vii) Eyes Positioned on Top of the Head: The elevated position of the eyes allows the toad to observe its surroundings while keeping most of its body concealed. This adaptation helps in detecting predators and locating food with minimal exposure.
(viii) Production of Numerous Eggs: Female toads lay a very large number of eggs during reproduction. Since many eggs and tadpoles may die due to predation and environmental factors, producing numerous eggs increases the chances that some offspring will survive to adulthood.
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Number Six
(6a)
(i) Large size with food reserve: The mammalian egg cell is relatively large and contains stored nutrients that provide nourishment and energy for the embryo during the early stages of development before implantation.
(ii) Haploid nucleus: The egg cell contains a haploid nucleus with half the normal chromosome number. This ensures that the normal diploid chromosome number is restored after fertilization.
(iii) Protective covering: The egg is surrounded by a protective membrane known as the zona pellucida, which protects it from mechanical injury and harmful substances.
(iv) Special receptors for sperm: The surface of the egg cell possesses specific receptors that recognize and bind with sperm cells, thereby facilitating fertilization.
(v) Prevention of polyspermy: After one sperm successfully enters the egg, changes occur in the egg membrane to prevent the entry of additional sperm cells, ensuring proper development.
(vi) Rich cytoplasm: The egg cell contains abundant cytoplasm with organelles and essential materials required for metabolism, growth, and early embryonic development.
(6b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Aquatic habitat: Mosquito larvae live in water such as ponds, gutters, containers, and other stagnant water bodies where they complete their larval development.
(ii) Segmented body: Their bodies are divided into distinct segments consisting of the head, thorax, and abdomen, which aid movement and feeding.
(iii) Presence of a breathing siphon: They possess a breathing tube called a siphon through which they obtain oxygen directly from the atmosphere.
(iv) Hangs at the water surface: Mosquito larvae usually hang upside down at the surface of the water to enable them to breathe through their siphon.
(v) Feeds on microorganisms: They feed on bacteria, algae, and tiny organic particles suspended in water, helping them grow rapidly.
(vi) Undergoes moulting: During growth, the larva sheds its outer covering several times before transforming into the pupal stage.
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COMPLETED.
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