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IJMB Biology Paper I Questions and Answers
The 2026 IJMB Biology Paper I questions and their corresponding answers for the 2025/2026 IJMB CRS session are now available for free access directly below this paragraph.
Number One
(1a)
(1aiii)
(1avi)
Experimentation is collecting data by manipulating one variable called the independent variable to see its effect on another variable called the dependent variable, keeping other factors constant. It has the key features of control, cause-and-effect, and randomization.
(1b)
(i) A supportive cell with evenly thickened walls is a collenchyma cell.
(ii) Growth movement in response to touch is called thigmotropism.
(iii) Primary roots that grow vertically downwards and give off smaller lateral roots are called tap roots.
(iv) An inflorescence in which the pedicels all arise from a common point at the apex of the peduncle is called an umbel.
(v) A carotenoid pigment found in carrot is called carotene.
(vi) A simple, dry, and usually indehiscent fruit with seed attached to the fruit wall at only one point is called an achene.
(vii) A plastid that stores starch is called a leucoplast.
(viii) Spores produced as a result of sexual reproduction in Mucor are called zygospores.
(ix) Special roots found in parasitic vascular plants, which are used for attachment and absorption, are called haustoria.
(x) The general name for vascular seed plants is spermatophytes.
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Number Two
(2a)
Lichens: Lichens are composite organisms formed by a symbiotic association between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. The fungal partner provides protection, water, and minerals, while the algal partner carries out photosynthesis and supplies food. Lichens commonly grow on rocks, tree bark, and walls and are important indicators of air quality.
(2b)
Air Pollution: Air pollution is the contamination of the atmosphere by harmful substances, including smoke, dust, gases, and industrial emissions. Major sources include vehicle exhausts, factory emissions, bush burning, and fossil fuel combustion. Air pollution can cause respiratory diseases, damage plants and animals, and contribute to global warming and acid rain.
(2c)
Heterospory: Heterospory is the production of two different types of spores by the same plant, namely microspores (male spores) and megaspores (female spores). This condition occurs in some pteridophytes and seed plants. Heterospory represents an important evolutionary step toward the development of seeds and the emergence of separate male and female gametophytes.
(2d)
Asexual Reproduction: Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which offspring are produced from a single parent without the fusion of gametes. The offspring are genetically identical to the parent. Common methods include binary fission, budding, fragmentation, spore formation, and vegetative propagation. It allows rapid multiplication and colonization of suitable environments.
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Number Three
(3)
(i) Decomposition of Organic Matter: Bacteria play a vital role as decomposers by breaking down dead plants, animals, and organic wastes into simpler substances. This process recycles nutrients back into the soil, improves soil fertility, and maintains ecological balance.
(ii) Nitrogen Fixation and Soil Fertility: Certain bacteria such as Rhizobium convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms that plants can absorb and utilize. This enriches the soil with nitrogen compounds, promotes plant growth, and increases agricultural productivity.
(iii) Food Production and Fermentation: Bacteria are used in the production of various foods through fermentation. For example, Lactobacillus is used in making yoghurt, cheese, and other dairy products. Fermentation improves food preservation, taste, and nutritional value.
(iv) Industrial and Pharmaceutical Uses: Bacteria are employed in the manufacture of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, and organic acids. Antibiotics such as streptomycin and tetracycline are produced by bacterial species and are widely used in medicine to treat diseases.
(v) Sewage Treatment and Waste Management: Bacteria help in the decomposition of sewage and organic wastes in treatment plants. They break down harmful substances, reduce pollution, and make waste disposal safer for the environment.
(vi) Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering: Bacteria are widely used in scientific research and biotechnology. They serve as hosts for recombinant DNA technology, enabling the production of insulin, vaccines, growth hormones, and other useful biological products.
(vii) Bioremediation and Environmental Protection: Some bacteria can degrade toxic chemicals, oil spills, pesticides, and other pollutants. This process, known as bioremediation, helps to clean contaminated soil and water, thereby protecting the environment and public health.
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Number Four
(4a)
(i) Wind dispersal: Wind dispersal is the movement of seeds or fruits from the parent plant through air currents. Light seeds or fruits with wings or hairs are carried over long distances. Examples: Dandelion, cotton, maple, and calotropis.
(ii) Water dispersal: Water dispersal occurs when seeds or fruits float and are carried away by water bodies such as rivers, streams, or oceans. These seeds usually have buoyant or fibrous coverings that prevent sinking. Examples: Coconut, water lily, mangrove, and raffia palm.
(iii) Animal dispersal: Animal dispersal happens when seeds or fruits are transported by animals either externally (sticking to fur or skin) or internally after being eaten. These seeds often have hooks, spines, or fleshy fruits. Examples: Mango, guava, burdock, and tomato.
(4b)
A soil profile is a vertical section of the soil that shows its different layers or horizons from the surface down to the parent rock. It reveals the arrangement of soil layers such as topsoil, subsoil, and underlying material, each differing in color, texture, and composition.
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Number Five
(5a)
Potato blight: Potato blight is a serious plant disease that affects potatoes and is caused by a fungus-like organism known as Phytophthora infestans. It spreads rapidly under cool and wet conditions, attacking leaves, stems, and tubers. The disease causes dark patches on leaves which later rot and collapse, leading to a significant reduction in crop yield. In severe cases, it can destroy an entire potato farm if not properly controlled. Control measures include the use of resistant varieties, proper field hygiene, crop rotation, and application of fungicides.
(5b)
Climate Change: Climate change is the long-term alteration in the average weather conditions of the Earth, such as temperature, rainfall, and wind patterns. It is mainly caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. Climate change leads to effects such as rising global temperatures, melting ice caps, sea level rise, droughts, floods, and disruption of ecosystems. It can also affect agriculture, water supply, and human health. Mitigation measures include afforestation, reduced carbon emissions, and the use of renewable energy sources.
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Number Six
(6a)
(i) Unicellular motile form: These algae consist of single cells that can move using flagella. They are usually found in freshwater habitats. Example: Chlamydomonas.
(ii) Unicellular non-motile form: These algae are single-celled and lack flagella for movement. They often exist freely or in colonies. Example: Chlorella.
(iii) Colonial form: These algae exist as groups of similar cells held together, functioning as a unit but without true tissue differentiation. Example: Volvox, Pandorina.
(iv) Filamentous form: These algae consist of long chains of cells joined end to end, forming thread-like structures. They may be unbranched or branched. Example: Spirogyra, Ulothrix.
(v) Siphonous (coenocytic) form: These algae have a tubular structure without cross walls, containing many nuclei within a continuous cytoplasm. Example: Vaucheria.
(vi) Parenchymatous form: These are more complex multicellular algae with tissue-like organization and sometimes resemble higher plants in structure. Example: Ulva, Fucus.
(6b)
Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells. They are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they produce energy in the form of ATP through the process of aerobic respiration. The outer membrane is smooth, while the inner membrane is highly folded into structures called cristae, which increase surface area for respiration. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes, allowing them to synthesize some of their own proteins. They are involved in energy production, regulation of cell metabolism, and programmed cell death (apoptosis).
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COMPLETED.
About IJMB
The Interim Joint Matriculation Board (IJMB) functions as a direct entry programme, enabling students to secure admission into the 200 level of Nigerian universities without requiring the JAMB examination.
Ahmadu Bello University originally introduced this programme, and it has since evolved into a trusted alternative for students who seek a smoother and more reliable path into higher education.
To succeed, many of these candidates now rely on the 2026 IJMB Biology Paper I runz and other materials as essential components of their study plans, because these resources help them understand likely questions and refine their exam strategies effectively.
Moreover, using the 2026 IJMB Biology Paper I answers gives students a distinct competitive advantage over their peers. They can practice well in advance, concentrate on the most critical topics, and manage their examination time more efficiently, which ultimately proves that thorough preparation remains the key to securing university admission through IJMB as the exams approach.